Europe's Most Enchanting Road Trips: A Curated Guide for Every Traveler
The allure of a European road trip is undeniable: winding coastal roads, ancient castles emerging from mist, sun-drenched vineyards, and vibrant cities waiting to be explored at your own pace. While the continent offers an almost endless array of routes, discerning travelers seek journeys that combine breathtaking scenery with rich cultural immersion, practical accessibility, and genuinely memorable experiences. This guide, meticulously researched by our editorial team, delves into Europe's most enchanting road trips, providing the granular detail and actionable insights you need to plan your ultimate adventure.
Rather than a generic overview, we've focused on three distinct and highly recommended routes that exemplify the diverse beauty and character of Europe: the dramatic North Coast 500 in Scotland, the fairytale Romantic Road in Germany, and the stunning Dalmatian Coast in Croatia. Each offers a unique blend of history, natural splendor, and local charm, catering to different travel styles and preferences.
compare_arrows Europe's Premier Road Trips: A Comparative Overview
Choosing the perfect European road trip depends heavily on your priorities. Are you seeking rugged wilderness, historical charm, or sun-kissed beaches? Our comparison table provides a snapshot to help you decide which adventure best aligns with your travel aspirations.
| Category | North Coast 500 (Scotland) | Romantic Road (Germany) | Dalmatian Coast (Croatia) | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accommodation | B&Bs, guesthouses, remote hotels, glamping; often booked far in advance. Mid-range: £80-150/night. | Charming guesthouses, boutique hotels, chain hotels in larger towns. Mid-range: €70-130/night. | Apartments (apartmani), boutique hotels, island resorts, hostels. Mid-range: €60-120/night. | Dalmatian Coast (Variety & Value) |
| Food | Hearty pub fare, seafood (langoustines, salmon), haggis, shortbread. Local, but options can be sparse in remote areas. | Traditional German cuisine (schnitzel, bratwurst, spaetzle), excellent pastries, local wines (Franconia). High quality, diverse. | Mediterranean seafood, grilled meats, olive oil, local wines, fresh produce. Excellent quality, great value. | Dalmatian Coast (Flavor & Freshness) |
| Nightlife | Limited outside Inverness; local pubs in small towns. Focus on natural beauty. | Traditional Bavarian beer halls, wine taverns, quiet bars in towns. More subdued. | Vibrant nightlife in Split, Hvar, Dubrovnik. Beach clubs, cocktail bars, live music. | Dalmatian Coast (Energy) |
| Public Transport | Very limited; car essential. | Good intercity train/bus connections, but a car offers maximum flexibility for villages. | Good bus network between major cities; ferries essential for islands. A car is best for coastal exploration. | Romantic Road (for towns) |
| Visa | Schengen Area (for most non-UK citizens). [Source: UK Government] | Schengen Area (most non-EU citizens require ETIAS or visa). [Source: SchengenVisaInfo] | Schengen Area (most non-EU citizens require ETIAS or visa). [Source: Croatian Ministry of Interior] | Tie (Schengen) |
| Weather | Unpredictable year-round; cool, wet, windy common. Summer (June-Aug) offers best chance of mild weather (10-18°C). | Warm summers (20-28°C), crisp autumns, cold winters. Pleasant spring/autumn. | Hot, dry summers (25-35°C), mild winters, pleasant spring/autumn. | Dalmatian Coast (Predictability & Warmth) |
| Walkability | Hiking trails, small village exploration. Not primarily a 'walking tour' destination. | Excellent for exploring medieval towns on foot. | Great for exploring old towns; many coastal promenades. | Romantic Road (Town Exploration) |
| Internet | Spotty in very remote areas; generally reliable in towns/hotels. | Excellent coverage and speed throughout. | Good coverage in cities/towns; may be weaker on some islands or remote areas. | Romantic Road |
| Safety | Generally very safe; main concerns are driving conditions (single track roads, wildlife). | Very safe; low crime rates. Standard precautions apply in larger cities. | Generally safe; pickpocketing in crowded tourist areas. Driving can be challenging on narrow coastal roads. | Romantic Road |
| Remote Work | Challenging due to remote locations and potential internet issues. | Excellent infrastructure, co-working spaces in larger cities, reliable internet. | Good in major cities (Split, Dubrovnik) with cafes and decent internet. More 'work-cation' vibe. | Romantic Road |
| Language | English (local accents can be strong). | German (English commonly spoken in tourist areas). | Croatian (English commonly spoken in tourist areas). | North Coast 500 (English) |
| Family | Adventure-focused families will love the outdoors; less for very young children due to long drives. | Fairytale castles, charming towns, theme parks nearby. Excellent for families with children of all ages. | Beaches, historical sites, island hopping. Great for families, especially in summer. | Romantic Road (Diverse Appeal) |
| Senior Travelers | May find long drives and remote areas challenging. | Comfortable infrastructure, gentle pace, cultural enrichment. Very suitable. | Relaxed pace possible, good food, beautiful scenery. Ferries and walking can be extensive. | Romantic Road |
| Solo Travelers | Great for independent adventurers; fosters self-reliance. | Safe, easy to navigate, opportunities for social interaction in towns. | Easy to meet people, vibrant social scene, generally safe. | Dalmatian Coast (Social Aspect) |
| Couples | Romantic, rugged beauty; perfect for adventurous couples. | Charming, picturesque, romantic settings. Ideal for a relaxed, romantic getaway. | Sunsets, beautiful towns, romantic dinners. Excellent for couples. | Tie (All offer unique romance) |
route Featured Road Trip 1: The North Coast 500, Scotland
Often dubbed 'Scotland's Route 66', the North Coast 500 (NC500) is a 516-mile scenic route around the north coast of Scotland, starting and ending in Inverness. It's a journey through some of Europe's most breathtaking and untamed landscapes, characterized by towering mountains, pristine lochs, white-sand beaches, and ancient ruins. This trip is for those who crave wilderness, dramatic vistas, and a true sense of escape.
Key Highlights & Itinerary (7-10 Days Recommended)
- Inverness to Applecross (West Coast): Start your journey heading west. The Bealach na Bà pass to Applecross is legendary for its hairpin bends and steep gradients, offering panoramic views. [Source: VisitScotland]
- Applecross to Ullapool: Explore the stunning coastline, including the villages of Torridon and Gairloch. Look out for wildlife like red deer and eagles.
- Ullapool to Durness (North Coast): Traverse the remote northern reaches, visiting the famous Smoo Cave near Durness and the vast beaches of Sandwood Bay (requires a hike).
- Durness to John o' Groats (East Coast): Head east along the wild north coast, passing through villages like Tongue and Thurso, before reaching the iconic John o' Groats.
- John o' Groats to Inverness: The eastern leg offers a different character, with more gentle landscapes, historical castles (like Dunrobin Castle), and distilleries.
Driving Conditions & Practicalities
- Roads: Predominantly single-track roads with passing places, especially on the west and north coasts. Patience and courtesy are paramount. Drivers commonly report average speeds of 30-40 mph (48-64 km/h) due to road conditions and desire to stop for views.
- Fuel: Fuel stations can be sparse in remote areas. Plan your refills, especially on the north and west coasts.
- Accommodation: Book well in advance, especially during peak season (June-September). Options range from remote B&Bs to glamping pods and a few luxury hotels.
- Wildlife: Be vigilant for deer and sheep on the roads, particularly at dawn and dusk.
Budgeting for the NC500 (7 Days)
Costs can vary wildly, but a mid-range budget for a couple would look something like this:
- Car Rental: £300-£500 (approx. €350-€580) for 7 days (economy car). [Based on Skyscanner car rental estimates]
- Fuel: £150-£250 (approx. €175-€290) depending on vehicle and driving style.
- Accommodation: £700-£1050 (approx. €815-€1220) for 7 nights (mid-range B&Bs, £100-£150/night).
- Food & Drink: £350-£560 (approx. €400-€650) for 7 days (mix of self-catering and pub meals, £50-£80/day).
- Activities/Attractions: £100-£200 (approx. €115-€230) for castle entries, distillery tours, etc.
- Total Estimated Mid-Range: £1600-£2560 (approx. €1850-€2970) for two people.
Hyper-Local Insight:
Many experienced NC500 travelers recommend driving the route clockwise to experience the most challenging roads (Bealach na Bà) early in the trip and to keep the sea on your left for better views. Always carry midge repellent during warmer months; these tiny biting insects can be a nuisance.
castle Featured Road Trip 2: The Romantic Road, Germany
Germany's Romantic Road (Romantische Straße) stretches approximately 400 kilometers (250 miles) from Würzburg in the north to Füssen in the Bavarian Alps. It's a journey through picturesque medieval towns, baroque churches, and the iconic fairytale castles of Bavaria. This route offers a gentler pace than the NC500, focusing on cultural immersion, history, and culinary delights, making it ideal for families, couples, and those seeking a charming, low-stress road trip.
Key Highlights & Itinerary (5-7 Days Recommended)
- Würzburg: Start with the stunning UNESCO-listed Würzburg Residence, a baroque palace.
- Rothenburg ob der Tauber: A perfectly preserved medieval walled town, often considered the highlight for its charming streets and historical architecture.
- Dinkelsbühl & Nördlingen: Two more beautiful medieval towns, less crowded than Rothenburg, offering authentic German charm.
- Augsburg: One of Germany's oldest cities, with Roman roots and Renaissance architecture.
- Pfaffenwinkel: A region known for its stunning baroque churches, including the UNESCO-listed Wieskirche.
- Füssen & Neuschwanstein Castle: The grand finale, home to King Ludwig II's famous Neuschwanstein and Hohenschwangau castles, set against the backdrop of the Bavarian Alps. [Source: Romantische Straße Official Site]
Driving Conditions & Practicalities
- Roads: Well-maintained federal and state roads. Driving is straightforward, with clear signage.
- Parking: Available in all towns, usually paid. Look for 'Parkplatz' signs.
- Accommodation: Abundant guesthouses (Gasthäuser), hotels, and B&Bs. Booking ahead for popular towns like Rothenburg and Füssen is advisable, especially during peak season.
- Language: German is the primary language, but English is commonly spoken in tourist-oriented establishments.
Budgeting for the Romantic Road (7 Days)
A comfortable mid-range budget for two people:
- Car Rental: €250-€450 for 7 days (economy car). [Based on ADAC car rental price comparison]
- Fuel: €100-€180 (the route is relatively short).
- Accommodation: €630-€910 for 7 nights (mid-range guesthouses, €90-€130/night).
- Food & Drink: €420-€700 for 7 days (mix of casual dining and a few nicer meals, €60-€100/day).
- Activities/Attractions: €150-€250 (castle entries, museum fees).
- Total Estimated Mid-Range: €1550-€2490 for two people.
Hyper-Local Insight:
While Rothenburg ob der Tauber is stunning, it can be very crowded. Consider spending a night in Dinkelsbühl or Nördlingen for a more authentic and peaceful medieval town experience, especially in the evenings after day-trippers have left.
beach_access Featured Road Trip 3: The Dalmatian Coast, Croatia
Croatia's Dalmatian Coast road trip is an intoxicating blend of ancient history, stunning natural beauty, and vibrant Mediterranean culture. Stretching from Zadar in the north to Dubrovnik in the south, this route offers dramatic coastal drives, island hopping opportunities, and visits to UNESCO World Heritage cities like Split and Dubrovnik. It's perfect for those seeking sun, sea, history, and delicious food, with a lively atmosphere.
Key Highlights & Itinerary (7-10 Days Recommended)
- Zadar: Begin in Zadar, known for its Roman ruins, Sea Organ, and 'Greeting to the Sun' installations.
- Krka National Park: A short detour inland to explore the beautiful waterfalls and cascades.
- Split: Explore Diocletian's Palace, a living Roman ruin, and enjoy the city's vibrant atmosphere. From Split, consider a day trip or overnight stay on Hvar or Brač islands via ferry.
- Ston & Mali Ston: Famous for their impressive medieval walls and delicious oysters.
- Dubrovnik: Conclude your journey in the 'Pearl of the Adriatic', walking the ancient city walls and exploring its rich history. [Source: Croatian National Tourist Board]
Driving Conditions & Practicalities
- Roads: The D8 coastal road (Jadranska magistrala) offers spectacular views but can be winding and busy, especially in summer. Motorways (A1) are faster for longer stretches.
- Tolls: Motorways have tolls; cash (Kuna/Euro) or card accepted.
- Ferries: Essential for island hopping. Check Jadrolinija schedules in advance, especially for popular routes. [Source: Jadrolinija]
- Parking: Can be challenging and expensive in city centers like Split and Dubrovnik. Look for parking garages or park further out and walk/use public transport.
Budgeting for the Dalmatian Coast (7 Days)
A mid-range budget for two people:
- Car Rental: €280-€500 for 7 days (economy car). [Based on Rentalcars.com Croatia estimates]
- Fuel: €120-€200.
- Accommodation: €560-€840 for 7 nights (mid-range apartments/hotels, €80-€120/night).
- Food & Drink: €490-€770 for 7 days (mix of konobas and cafes, €70-€110/day).
- Activities/Attractions: €150-€250 (Krka entrance, city walls, ferry to an island).
- Total Estimated Mid-Range: €1600-€2560 for two people.
Hyper-Local Insight:
To avoid the summer crowds and high prices in Dubrovnik, consider visiting in late May/early June or September/early October. Also, always try the local 'peka' (meat and vegetables cooked under a bell-shaped lid) if you see it on a menu; it's a traditional slow-cooked delight.
wb_sunny Best Time for European Road Trips
The 'best' time depends heavily on your chosen route and preferences:
- Spring (April-May): Pleasant temperatures, fewer crowds, and blooming landscapes. Ideal for the Romantic Road and Dalmatian Coast. The NC500 can still be chilly with unpredictable weather.
- Summer (June-August): Warmest weather, but also peak tourist season. Expect crowds, higher prices, and competition for accommodation, especially on the Dalmatian Coast and NC500. Ideal for guaranteed sunshine in Croatia, but can be very hot.
- Autumn (September-October): Crisp air, beautiful fall foliage (especially in Germany and parts of Scotland), fewer crowds than summer, and often stable weather. Excellent for all three routes.
- Winter (November-March): Cold, potential for snow, many attractions may have reduced hours or be closed. Not recommended for the NC500 unless you're an experienced winter driver seeking extreme solitude. The Romantic Road can be magical with Christmas markets, but driving requires caution. The Dalmatian Coast is quiet but many tourist services shut down.
credit_card Budgeting for Your European Road Trip
A European road trip offers flexibility in budgeting. Here's a general breakdown and tips:
- Accommodation: Hostels (€20-€40/night), mid-range hotels/apartments (€60-€150/night), luxury (€150+). Consider self-catering apartments to save on food.
- Food: Supermarket groceries (€10-€20/day), casual eateries (€15-€30/meal), fine dining (€50+). Eating lunch as your main meal can be cheaper.
- Car Rental & Fuel: Varies significantly by car type, duration, and country. Fuel prices in Europe are generally higher than in North America. [Based on European Automobile Manufacturers Association fuel prices]. Manual transmission cars are often cheaper to rent and more fuel-efficient.
- Tolls: Many European countries have motorway tolls (e.g., France, Italy, Croatia, parts of Germany). Budget for these.
- Activities: Museum entries, castle tours, national park fees. Look into city passes if visiting many attractions.
shield Safety on the Road
Europe is generally very safe for road trips. However, common sense precautions are always advised:
- Driving Laws: Familiarize yourself with local driving laws (speed limits, alcohol limits, required equipment like reflective vests/first-aid kits).
- Theft: Do not leave valuables visible in your car, especially in parking lots near major tourist attractions.
- Road Conditions: Be aware of varying road quality. Remote areas (like the NC500) may have narrow, unlit roads. Coastal roads (like in Croatia) can be winding with steep drops.
- Emergency Numbers: The universal European emergency number is 112.
vpn_key Visa Requirements
For most non-EU citizens, a Schengen Visa is required for stays up to 90 days within a 180-day period for countries within the Schengen Area (which includes Germany and Croatia). The UK (and thus Scotland) has its own visa policy. Always check the specific requirements for your nationality with the respective embassy or consulate well in advance of your trip. [Source: SchengenVisaInfo]
cloudy_snowing Weather & Climate
Europe's climate varies significantly by region. Northern Europe (Scotland) experiences cooler, wetter weather year-round, with mild summers. Central Europe (Germany) has a temperate climate with distinct seasons. Southern Europe (Croatia) enjoys hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Always check localized forecasts for your specific route and time of travel.
currency_exchange Currency & Payments
- Euro (€): Used in Germany and Croatia.
- Pound Sterling (£): Used in Scotland.
Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in most urban and tourist areas. It's advisable to carry some local currency for smaller purchases, local markets, or remote areas where card machines might not be available or reliable.
directions_car Transport & Driving Tips
- Driving Side: Drive on the right-hand side of the road in Germany and Croatia. Drive on the left-hand side in Scotland.
- International Driving Permit (IDP): Recommended or required for many non-EU drivers. Check your specific country's requirements.
- Rental Car Insurance: Understand your coverage. Consider excess reduction insurance for peace of mind.
- Navigation: Google Maps, Apple Maps, or Waze are excellent. Download offline maps for areas with spotty signal.
access_time Recommended Duration
While the suggested itineraries above are 5-10 days, the ideal duration for a European road trip is subjective. For a single country/region, 7-14 days allows for a good balance of driving and exploration without feeling rushed. For a multi-country epic, budget 3-4 weeks.
wifi Internet & Connectivity
Mobile data coverage is generally excellent across most of Europe, especially in urban and developed areas. Free Wi-Fi is common in hotels, cafes, and restaurants. Consider purchasing a local SIM card (e.g., Vodafone, Deutsche Telekom, HT Croatian Telecom) for cheaper data rates or check if your home mobile plan offers affordable roaming. [Based on European Commission Roaming Regulations]
power Power Plug & Adapters
Most of continental Europe (Germany, Croatia) uses Type F and Type C power sockets (two round pins). The UK (Scotland) uses Type G (three rectangular pins). You will need the appropriate travel adapter(s).
phone Emergency Numbers
- European Emergency Number: 112 (for police, ambulance, fire services in all EU countries, including Germany and Croatia, and also in the UK).
- UK breakdown services: AA (0800 887766), RAC (0330 159 1111).
- German breakdown services: ADAC (089 20202222).
- Croatian breakdown services: HAK (1987).
add_road Pros & Cons of European Road Trips
Pros:
- check_circle Flexibility & Freedom: Set your own pace, stop spontaneously, and explore off-the-beaten-path destinations.
- check_circle Scenic Routes: Europe boasts some of the world's most beautiful drives.
- check_circle Cultural Immersion: Connect with local life in small towns and villages often missed by public transport.
- check_circle Cost-Effective for Groups: Splitting car rental and fuel costs can be economical for families or friends.
Cons:
- cancel Parking Challenges: Especially in historic city centers, parking can be scarce and expensive.
- cancel Fuel Costs: Generally higher than in North America.
- cancel Navigation & Driving Laws: Can be intimidating for first-time international drivers, with varying rules and road signs.
- cancel Environmental Impact: Road travel has a higher carbon footprint than trains for long distances, though for multi-stop local exploration, it's often the most practical.
help_outline Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is driving in the Scottish Highlands difficult for foreign drivers?
Driving in the Scottish Highlands, particularly on the NC500, can be challenging due to numerous single-track roads, steep gradients (like Bealach na Bà), and unexpected wildlife. Many foreign drivers adapt quickly, but it requires patience, attentiveness, and confidence in navigating narrow roads with passing places. Travelers commonly report it's manageable with careful driving, especially outside of peak tourist season. Practicing on quieter roads initially can be beneficial. [Source: NC500 Official Site]
How much does a 10-day road trip in Croatia cost for a couple?
A 10-day road trip along the Dalmatian Coast for a couple, on a mid-range budget, could cost approximately €2,300 to €3,600. This estimate typically includes €400-€700 for car rental, €150-€250 for fuel, €800-€1200 for accommodation (mid-range apartments/hotels), €700-€1100 for food and drink, and €250-€350 for activities and ferry costs. Prices can fluctuate based on the season, booking in advance, and personal spending habits. Luxury trips could easily exceed €5,000, while budget-conscious travelers might manage for under €1,800 by opting for hostels, camping, and self-catering. [Based on Numbeo Cost of Living Index for Croatia and travel blogger estimates]
Are there tolls on Germany's Romantic Road?
No, there are generally no tolls on the Romantic Road itself, as it primarily follows federal and state roads (Bundesstraßen and Landstraßen) rather than motorways (Autobahnen). Germany does not have tolls for passenger cars on its Autobahnen, unlike many other European countries. However, if you deviate significantly from the Romantic Road route and use specific tunnels or privately operated roads, tolls might apply, though this is rare for the route's main attractions. Truck drivers do pay tolls on Autobahnen. [Source: ADAC]
What's the best way to combine a road trip with island hopping in Croatia?
The most popular way to combine a road trip with island hopping in Croatia is to drive along the mainland Dalmatian Coast, taking car ferries (operated by Jadrolinija) to larger islands like Brač, Hvar, or Korčula for a few nights, and then continuing your journey. For smaller, car-free islands or quick day trips, passenger-only catamarans are available. Travelers commonly plan their route to drop off a rental car in one city (e.g., Split) to spend a few days on car-free islands, and then pick up another rental in a different city (e.g., Dubrovnik) to continue, saving on ferry costs for the car. Always book car ferry tickets in advance during peak season. [Source: Jadrolinija]
travel_explore Quick Answer: Choosing Your European Road Trip
Choose the North Coast 500 if: ✓ Rugged wilderness & dramatic landscapes ✓ Challenging and rewarding driving ✓ Solitude & escape from crowds ✓ Unique Scottish culture & history
Choose the Romantic Road if: ✓ Fairytale castles & medieval towns ✓ Gentle, picturesque driving ✓ Cultural immersion & historical sites ✓ Excellent for families & senior travelers
Choose the Dalmatian Coast if: ✓ Sun-drenched beaches & turquoise waters ✓ Vibrant city life & ancient history ✓ Delicious Mediterranean cuisine ✓ Island hopping adventures
Best For: ✓ Families: Romantic Road, Dalmatian Coast ✓ Digital Nomads: Romantic Road (for infrastructure), Dalmatian Coast (for 'work-cation' vibe) ✓ Couples: All three offer unique romantic experiences ✓ Solo Travelers: Dalmatian Coast (social), NC500 (adventure) ✓ Adventure Seekers: North Coast 500 ✓ History Buffs: Romantic Road, Dalmatian Coast ✓ Foodies: Dalmatian Coast, Romantic Road
link Related Guides & Internal Clusters
- Europe Visa Guide for Non-EU Citizens
- Scottish Highlands 10-Day Itinerary
- German Castles Road Trip: Beyond the Romantic Road
- Croatia Dalmatian Coast Budget Guide
- Solo Travel in Europe: Safety and Experience Tips
- Europe by Public Transport: An Alternative to Road Trips
- European Street Food: A Culinary Journey
- Avoiding European Tourist Traps: Authentic Experiences
- Driving in Europe: Essential Tips and Regulations
- Remote Work-Friendly European Cities
next_plan Next Destination: Planning Your European Odyssey
Whether you dream of the misty lochs of Scotland, the medieval charm of Germany, or the sun-drenched shores of Croatia, Europe offers a road trip for every soul. This guide provides the foundation, but the true adventure begins when you personalize your journey. Research local festivals, delve deeper into regional cuisines, and allow for serendipitous detours. The open road of Europe awaits.
library_books Article Methodology & Sources
This article was meticulously researched and compiled by our editorial team using a combination of official tourism board websites, government travel advisories, reputable travel guides (e.g., Lonely Planet, Rough Guides), and data from established travel aggregators and cost-of-living databases. Specific numerical claims and factual statements are supported by inline citations where available. General advice on travel trends and traveler experiences is based on common reports from travel forums, expat communities, and seasoned travel journalists. We prioritize transparency and accuracy, aiming to provide the most trustworthy and actionable information for your European road trip planning.
- VisitScotland Official Website
- Romantische Straße Official Website
- Croatian National Tourist Board
- UK Government Visa Information
- SchengenVisaInfo.com
- Croatian Ministry of Interior (Visa Info)
- Jadrolinija Ferries
- ADAC (German Automobile Club)
- North Coast 500 Official Website
- Numbeo Cost of Living Database
- European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA)
- European Commission Roaming Regulations
Editorial Methodology & Trust
Last Updated: July 2, 2026
Every Shaivio guide is created through editorial research using publicly available information from official tourism authorities, transportation providers, government resources, and other reliable references where applicable. Our editors review and update content regularly to improve accuracy and usefulness. Shaivio does not accept paid placements or sponsored rankings in editorial content. Because travel information can change, we recommend verifying critical details with the relevant official source before traveling.
